《英国文学史及选读》的大纲或是重点 谁有？？？

  英国文学史笔记1。ChildeHarold’sPilipimagethepoemtellsofChildeHarold’s(Ayouthofnoblebirth)travelsinEurope。  Haroldisyoungaristocratwhose“world-weariness”bespeakshisloathingforEnglishhighsociety,Heleaveshimcountrytoescapefromthesocietyhehearsandhatesbeingsolitaryandmelancholyheseekthecompanyshipofmountainsandseas。  Butbeneaththismelancholia(精神忧郁症)isasadearnestasufferingyoungmanofardentfeelingswithakeenunderstandingandastrongloveoffreedom。  BesidesHarold’simpressionsofthecountrieshevisits。ThepoemininterspersedwithalyricaloutburstsrepresentingByron’sownphilosophicalandpoliticalviews。  AtFirsttheviewsareexpressthroughthemouthofHreold,butbyandbythecreatorandthecreationbecomeonethepoetstepsfromthebackstagetotheforeandspeaksdirectorytotheaudiencehimself。  2。Thecricissitudesofhislifeandhisadventuresinmanycountriesaredescribedagainstcariessocialbackgroundsandheisseentotakepartindifferenthistoricaleventsthisgivingamidpanoramaofcontemporarylife(ababcc)3。  DonJuanDonJuanisByron’smasterpiecewriterintheprimeofhiscreativepower。Hisaimwastoremovethechoakwhichthemannersandmaxofhighsocietythrowovertheirsecretsignsandshowthattotheworldastheyare。  Hecalledthispoemanepicsatire。AsatireonabuseofthepresentstateofsocietyalmostallDonJuanisreallife。EithermyownoffrompeopleIknow。  InDonJuanByrondisplayedhisgeniusasromanticistandarealistsimultaneously4。OzymandiasTheauthorshowshisstronglovebehaviorandhisconsistenthatredfortyranny。  InthispoemhealsoexpresseshislongforthenevenageofaoncetyrannicalKing。5。OdetotheWestWindThewestwindisconsidereda“destroyer”becauseitdrivethelastsignoflifefromtrees,it’sisalsoconsideredthe“preserver”becauseitscatterstheseaswhichwascometolifeinspring。  6。ToaSky-LarkTheauthorportraysthesoftyflightofthesky-lark,thewestwindandthesky-larkaresymbolsoffreedomspiritualvitalitythatthepoetwanttopossessdesperatehisbittercriticismoftheharshsociety。  Thepoetfusesinbothpoemsanoteofoptimismofpromisingforhumanity。7。JohnKeatsAboutpoem:ToKeatspoetryexistforit’sownsakeifpreoccupywithphilosophyorpoliticoranycourseatall,itwillloseit’sownidentityorqualityAim:KeatswasnotonlythelastbutthemostperfectofRomanticisttheonlyartisticaiminthispoetrywastocreateabeautifulworldimaginationasapposedtotheSophierealisticofhisdays创作原则:"beautyistruth,truthbeauty"atthebottomofhispoemlieshisthissatisfactionwiththesocietyinwhichheliedandexperiencedgreatmiseriesandsufferings8。  OnFirstLookingintoChapman’sHomer韵律韵脚：ABBA，ABBA，CDCD，CD（意大利）9。OdetoaNightingaleInthispoemtheauthorexpresshiswishestofreehimselfformtheburdenofhumancaresandanxietiesandtomoanershimselfinaworldofbeautytogetherwiththebird10。  WhatisthegenreofEnglishliteratureinthe19thcenturySofarastheliteraryformforgenreisconcerned,themaincontributionmadebythe19thcenturycriticalrealistsliesintheirperfectionofthenovel。  Liketherealistsof18thcentury,the19thcenturycriticalrealistsmadeuseofthebroadcanvasofnovelforfullanddetailedrepresentationsofsocialandpoliticalevents,andofthefateofindividualsandofholesocialclasses。  However,therealisticnovelsof19thcenturywentfurtherthanthoseof18thcenturyinfacttheynotonlypicturedtheconflictsbetweenseparateindividualswhostoodfordefinitesocialstrata(circle),butalsoshowedthebroadsocialconflictsoverandabovethefateofthemereindividual11。  The19thcenturyrealists’strength。TheEnglishrealistsofthe19thcenturynotonlygiveasatiricportalofabourgeoisandalltheclasses,butalsoshowedtheprofoundsympathyforthecommonpeopleclasses,butalsoshowedtheprofoundsympathyforthecommonpeople。  Intheirbestworksthegreedandhypocrisyofupperclassesarecontrastedwiththeonshestandgoodheartednessofthesympathymenofthelowerclasses。  Hencehumorandsatireareused;humoristingedwithlyricismandserverstostressthehumanqualitiesofpositivecharacters。  However,bittersatireisusedtoexposetheseamysideofruralsociety,throughthestretchesofvariousnegativecharactersgivenbirthtobythecapitalistsystem,criticalrealismrevealsthecorruptinginfluenceofruleofcosyuponhumannature。  Hereliesinthedemocraticandhumanisticcharacterofcriticalrealismand…inthe19thcentury12。The19thcenturyrealists’weaknessThecriticalrealistsofthe19thcenturydidnot,and,duetotheirworldoutlook,could,not,findawaytoeradicatesocialevils。  Theydidnotrealizethemassiveofchangingbourgeoisiesociety,theywereunabletofindagoodsolutiontothesocialcontradictions,thechieftendencyintheirworksisnotarevolutionbutratherareformism:theyoftenstartwithapowerfulexposureoftheuglinessofthebourgeoisieworld,merelytocloseinamuchtooco-incidentalhappyendingoranimpotentcompromise(Sowecanseeatoncethe…)13。  CharacteristicsofcriticalrealismIngeneralthecriticalrealistsdescribedwithmuchvividandgreatartisticskill。  ThechieftraitsoftheEnglishsocietyandcriticizedthecapitalizedsystem。fromademocraticviewpoint:1Criticalrealismisreflectionoftherealitywithobjectivityspecificityandfacility2Itisanintenseexposureandcriticismofgreedandhypocrisyofrulingclass3Therepresentativecharactersdepictedwithinthepreventedsurroundingunfairbothtothesummit14。  AnalysisofOlivertwistOliverTwisttellsthestoryofanorphanboy,whoseadventuresprovideadescriptionofthelowerdepthsofLondon。  †Intheprefacetothenovel,Dickensproclaimshimselfarealist:Hemakeshisreadersawareoftheinhumanityofcitylifeundercapitalism。  ThefirstelevenchaptersprovideamostbitterandthoroughgoingexposureoftheterribleconditionsintheEnglishworkhouseofthetimeandthecrueltreatmentofapoororphanbyallsortsof“philanthropists”慈善家。  ThefamoussceneinChapterII,inwhichOliverwasbeatenupandpunishedmerelybecauseheventuredtoaskforanextraportionofgrueltoalleviatehisintolerablehunger,isonlyoneofthemanydetailstoshowtheextremebrutalityandcorruptionoftheoppressorsandtheiragents。  Itisinsceneslikethisweseethegreatcriticalrealistvoicingthehelplesssufferingsofthepoorandtheoppressed。  †Dickenssucceedsincallingforththereader’ssympathyforthelowerclasses:Inthevividdescriptionofthethieves’denandoftheunder-worldofLondon,Dickenssucceedsincallingforththereader’ssympathyforthedown-troddenpeopleofthelowerclasses,who,degradedandcorruptedbythesocialenvironmentofthetime,eitherclimbuptobeparasites寄生虫ofoppressorsorfalltobevictimsofsocietyorevencriminals。  Amongthecharactersofthelowerstrata,Oliveristheonlyonewhoemergeshappyandsuccessfulintheend。Thishappyissue/endingwhichDickens’novelsusuallyendincomesaboutasaresultofhisoptimisticbeliefintheinevitabletriumphofgoodoverevil。  Defectsofthenovel:1。Theimprobabilityoftheplot:Towardtheendofthenovel,theplotgetstobeveryintricateandthereaderissimplymystified,andwhenthemysteryisfinallyrevealedtohim,heisfacedwithimpossiblecoincidenceswhichleadtothehappyending。  AtcriticalmomentsOliverhasbeenonceandagainsavedby“kindly”gentlefolk,whohappentobehisparents’kithandkin。  亲属2。Theunconvincingnessofsomecharacters。Oliverhimselfisapalefigurewhoseemstobethehelplessvictimoffate。  FaginandBillSikesaretooinhumantobetrue,whiletherichMr。BrownlowandMissMayliearevaguelypicturedasbenevolentandgood。  Herewemayseethat—Dickens,whilesympathizingwiththemiseriesofthepeople,didnotknowwhatorwhowasresponsibleforsuchmiseriesandevencherishedsomeillusionaboutrichandidlepeoplelikeMr。  BrownlowandMissMaylie。Thewholesocialquestion,inDickens’opinion,wouldbesettledifonlyeveryemployerfollowedtheexamplesetby“goodgentlemen”likeBrownlow。  15。Women’snovelistsin19thcenturyWomennovelistsbegantoappearinEnglandduringthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury,butsomegiftedwomenofthe19thcenturymadesuchcontributionstotheEnglishnovelthattheyhavejustifiablywontheirplacesinthefrontranksofthebrilliantrealistsheadedbyDickensandThackeray。  TheseremarkablewomennovelistsareJaneAusten,GeorgeEliotandtheBrontesisters。I。JaneAustenFounderofthenovelwhichdealswithunimportantmiddleclasspeople。  Herworks:NorthangerAbbey,SenseandSensibility,PrideandPrejudice,MansfieldPark,PersuasionII。  GeorgeEliot(MaryAnnEvans)Novels:AdamBede(first)《亚当贝德》TheMillontheFloss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》SilasMarner《织工马南》AdamBedeisanovelofmoralconflicts,showingthecontestofpersonaldesires,passions,temperament,humanweaknessandtheclaimsofmoralduty。  Inthenovel,thetwopairsoflovers,ArthurandHetty,andAdamandDinaharedescribedincontrasttoeachother。Theformerareshowntobealwaysthinkingoftheirowninterestswithoutanyconsiderationofothers,whilethelatterpairareendowedwithhighmoralprincipleswhichguidetheirconductforthegoodofothersandthemselves。  AccordingtoEliot,themoralprinciplesofmanarecloselyconnectedwiththe“religionofheart”。Thisshowstheinfluenceofthebourgeoispositivephilosophywhichseekstoreconcilesciencewithreligionandtoprovethepossibilityofsocialharmonyandconcordinthecapitalistsociety。  AnalysistoGeorgeEliotandherworks:thenovelsofGeorgeEliotmarkthebeginningofanewstageinthedevelopmentofEnglishcriticalrealismfollowingthatofDickensandThackeray。  Hercharacterswerenotgrotesquetypes,butreal,commonmenandwomen,butinotheraspectsherworkmarksretrogression。  Sheshiftedthecentreofgravityinthenovelfromthesocialproblemstotheproblemsofreligionandmorality。Whilebeingawareoftheevilsofbourgeoissociety,shedidnotattackthesocialsystem。  Shebelievedinthesentimental“religionofhumanity”,andcherishedtheillusionthathumanityandlovecoulddoawaywiththeevilsofcapitalism。  IIITheBronteSistersI。CharlotteBrontea。TheLowoodschoolistheembodimentofthebourgeoisprinciplesofeducation,theaimofwhichistobringupobedientslavesfortherich。  b。Anotherproblemraisedinthenovelisthepositionofwomeninsociety。JaneEyremaintainsthatwomenshouldhaveequalrightswithmen。  c。CharlotteBronteattackedthegreed,pettytyrannyandlackofcul-tureamongthebourgeoisieandsympathizedwiththesufferingsofthepoorpeople。  Herrealismwascoloredbypetty-bourgeoisphilanthropy。LikeDickens,shebelievedthateducationwasthekeytoallsocialproblems,andthatbytheimprovementoftheschoolsystemandteaching,mostoftheevilsofcapitalismcouldberemoved。  16。Abriefreviewofhistoricalbackgroundsof20thcenturyIntheperiodofthetransitionbetweenthe19thand20thcenturytheBritishEmpireinthereignofQueenVictoriafellintoadeclinefromthesummitofitsworldwidesupremacy。  Inthemeantime,capitalisticEuropewasdividedintohostilecampsforthecolonialdivisionoftheworld。In1917theOctoberRevolutionbrokeoutinRussiaandasocialiststateemerged。  1929agreateconomiccrisisinthecapitalistworldcausedanunprecedentedeconomicdepressioninBritain。17。  ThedefinitionofStreamofConsciousnessStreamofConsciousnessisanarrativetechniquethatpresentsasiftheywerecomingdirectlyfromacharacter’smind。  Lackingchronologicalorder,theeventsinastreamofconsciousnessnarrativearepresentedfromthecharacter’spointofview,mixedinwiththecharacters’ongoingfeelingsandmemories。  DevelopedbywritersasJamesJoyceandVirginiaWoolf,stream-of-consciousnesswritingisusedtorevealacharacter’scomplexpsychologyandtopresentitinrealistdetail。  Thenovelistsdemonstratedanawarenessoftheinnerworkingsofthemind。One’spresentwasbelievedtobethesumofhispast。  Timewasnolongeraseriesofchronologicalmomentstobepresentedbythenovelistsinsequence,butasacontinuousflowintheconsciousnessoftheindividual18。  ThomasHardy1)。representativeworks。Tessofthed’Urbervilles,farfromtheMaddingCrowd,undertheGreenwood,theRetureoftheNative,theMayorofCasterbridge,JudetheObscure。  2)。Hardy’spositioninEnglishliterature。ThelastandoneofthegreatestVictoriannovelists。3)。  theme。Tessofthed’Urbervillestellsthetragiclifestoryofabeautifulcountrygirl。ItisafierceattackonthehypocriticalmoralityofthesocietyandthepoliticalstatusquoinEngland。  ThemiseryandtragedyofTessrisetoabittercryofprotestanddenunciationofthesociety。Hardybecamemoreandmoreconvincedthatmankindissubjectedtotheruleofsomehostilemysteriousfate,whichbringsmisfortunetohumanlife。  So,thereisastrongnaturalistictendencyinthenovel。“Justicewasdone,andthePrecedenceoftheImmortalshadendedhissportwithTess。  ”I。ConsolidationandpracticeComparethetwomainfigures:TessandAngelTess:pure,simpleAngel:hypocriticalandselfishAngelisnoangelatall,butanordinaryman。  Tesshasforgivenhim,buthecannotforgiveTess。